Security Forum

PREFACE

2026-07-23T12:28:35+00:00

DOUBLE STANDARDS DEBUNKED: ACTIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN THE FIRST 100 DAYS OF THE GAZA WAR

2026-06-30T10:37:48+00:00

This article interrogates the accusation of “double standards” in United Nations debates on the war in Gaza Strip by distinguishing between its narrative and empirical dimensions. It conceptualises „double standards” both as a politically consequential discursive
resource used by states to contest Western leadership and as a testable claim about asymmetry in institutional response. Methodologically, the study employs a mixed-methods approach that combines a qualitative narrative analysis of interventions in the UN Security Council (UNSC) and the General Assembly (UNGA) with a structured comparison of the first 100 days of UN engagement in two conflicts: the Russian Federation’s full-scale aggression against Ukraine and the Gaza War following the 7 October 2023 Hamas attacks. Quantitatively, it examines indicators such as the frequency and format of UNSC meetings, draft and adopted resolutions, veto use, and UNGA emergency special sessions (ESS) and voting patterns. It also traces how the „double standards” frame is articulated across phases of the Gaza debate, by which actors, in which argumentative clusters (legality, international humanitarian law, civilian protection, ceasefire demands), and with what implications for institutional legitimacy. The findings show that deliberative intensity was broadly comparable in both cases. The article argues that legitimacy crises stem less from unequal procedural attention than from structural constraints on enforcement, which are subsequently reframed through “double standards” narratives by a broadening coalition of Global South actors accelerated by the Russian Federation.

FROM VOLUNTEER TO SOLDIER: VOLUNTARY BASIC MILITARY SERVICE AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR SHAPING SECURITY CULTURE

2026-06-30T10:41:57+00:00

The article examines the impact of voluntary basic military service on shaping security culture in Polish Armed Forces from a systemic perspective. The starting assumption is that security culture should not be reduced to formal procedures and regulations only, but should also include attitudes, values, organizational relations, and material conditions of functioning. The study adopts a three-dimensional approach to security culture, covering the individual, social, and material dimensions. On this basis, the role of voluntary basic military service is analyzed as an instrument influencing motivation and service awareness, the quality of command and training climate, as well as the level of logistical support and equipment. The analysis demonstrates that the effectiveness of voluntary basic military service as a tool for shaping security culture depends on the coherence between candidates’ psychophysical preparation, the quality of training organization, and the adequacy of material support. The conclusions indicate that voluntary basic military service may perform not only a personnel function, but also a culture-forming one, strengthening the resilience of the military organization and, more broadly, the state security system.

THE USE OF F-35 FLIGHT SIMULATORS IN THE PROCESS OF PREPARING PILOTS FOR OPERATIONS IN A MULTI-DOMAIN ENVIRONMENT AS A CRUCIAL PART OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY

2026-06-30T10:45:34+00:00

The implementation of the Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II by the Polish Air Force marks a game-changing moment in Poland’s defense modernization and constitutes a qualitative leap in national security architecture. This article examines the role of advanced flight simulation technology – the F-35 Full Mission Simulator (FMS) and the Autonomic Logistics Information System/Operational
Data Integrated Network (ALIS/ODIN) – in preparing Polish pilots for operations across multiple domains: air, land, maritime, space, and cyberspace. Drawing on the theory of multi-domain operations (MDO), NATO transformation doctrine, and Polish strategic defense documents, the article argues that the systematic integration of high-fidelity simulation into the F-35 training pipeline is not merely a pedagogical instrument but a strategic enabler of Poland’s deterrence posture and alliance interoperability. The study traces the evolution of simulation-based training from Cold War-era procedural trainers to contemporary immersive environments, analyses the unique technical characteristics of the F-35 simulator ecosystem, and evaluates the implications for Polish air power development within the broader framework of national security transformation. The article concludes that effective exploitation
of F-35 simulation capabilities will be decisive for Poland’s ability to fulfil collective defense commitments on NATO’s eastern flank.

THE IMPACT OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY AGENCY’S TERRORIST PREVENTION ON INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PREVENTION OF EVENTS RELEVANT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

2026-06-30T10:49:31+00:00

Any offensive response to terrorist activities triggers a spiral of violence and does not contribute significantly to eliminating the phenomenon of terrorism from social life. Moreover, terrorist organizations, using social media, cause terrorism to be presented
as an alternative ideology to the surrounding consumerism and materialism these days. Taking this into account, the concept of terrorist prevention is becoming increasingly important. The article presents the role and tasks of the Internal Security Agency with
particular attention to terrorist prevention, which the Terrorist Prevention Center of the Internal Security Agency is responsible for carrying out, the impact of terrorism on the functioning of the state on the example of Afghanistan, mechanisms to combat and
minimize terrorist threats in the European Union, as well as institutions carrying out, in the United States of America, tasks aimed at terrorist prevention.

INDEPENDENT PUBLIC HEALTH CARE FACILITIES IN THE DEFENSE SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND

2026-06-30T10:52:44+00:00

The primary goal of the Republic of Poland’s defense preparations is to create organizational conditions to ensure the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence, and survival of the nation, as well as the state’s structures, during external threats to its security and in times of war. Medical entities are specific organizational units performing defense tasks. Under the Act of April 15, 2011, on Medical Activity, medical entities, which include, among others, independent public healthcare facilities, are entities performing medical activities, i.e., activities involving the provision of health services. The primary goal of preparing medical entities to operate in situations of external threats to state security and in times of war is to create legal and organizational conditions for the provision of the aforementioned health services, i.e., undertaking activities aimed at preserving, saving, restoring, or improving health.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A THREAT MULTIPLIER IN CRIMINAL ACTIVITY AND INFLUENCE OPERATIONS. THE ALGORITHMIC ARMS RACE IN INTERNAL SECURITY

2026-06-30T10:55:11+00:00

Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming one of the key factors transforming the contemporary internal security environment of states. Its dynamic development not only enhances the effectiveness of analytical and operational tools used by public institutions, but also significantly lowers the entry barrier for individuals engaged in criminal activities and for actors seeking to influence public opinion
and social behaviour. In particular, there is a growing use of AI technologies in digital crime and destabilizing information activities, including disinformation, message manipulation, and advanced forms of social engineering. These phenomena contribute to a qualitative shift in the nature of threats – from individual, manual actions to automated, scalable systems capable of generating content and interacting with users. The aim of this article is to analyse artificial intelligence as a “threat multiplier” in four key areas: the generation of synthetic multimedia materials (deepfakes), the automation of phishing attacks, the mass production of disinformation, and precise, personalized social engineering attacks. At the same time, defensive AIbased systems are being developed in parallel by state institutions and international organizations to detect, analyse, and neutralize information threats. This dynamic leads to what is increasingly described as an “algorithmic arms race,” in which strategic advantage depends to a growing
extent on dataprocessing capabilities, model quality, and the speed at which systems can adapt.

BETWEEN SECURITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS. THE CASES OF AVATAR AND iBorderCtrl

2026-06-30T10:59:06+00:00

The dynamic development of artificial intelligence technologies is significantly transforming the protection of the European Union’s external borders. Increasing importance is being attributed to systems that employ data analytics, biometric technologies, algorithmic profiling, and elements of behavioural analysis to support the assessment of traveller risk. The aim of this article is to examine the opportunities and limitations associated with the use of artificial intelligence systems in border security management through the case studies of the AVATAR and iBorderCtrl projects. The paper presents the origins of both programmes, their technological foundations, and their potential operational applications in border control procedures. Particular attention is devoted to the compatibility of these solutions with fundamental rights, personal data protection requirements, and the principle of
non-discrimination. The literature review indicates that AI-based technologies may enhance the efficiency of border control processes. However, they simultaneously generate risks related to algorithmic errors, limited transparency of decision-making
procedures, and potential violations of human rights. Consequently, the implementation of such systems requires a substantial degree of human oversight, independent scientific validation, and effective mechanisms for review and appeal.

PREVENTIVE DETENTION AND PUBLIC SAFETY UNDER THE POLISH ACT ON DANGEROUS PERSONS WITH MENTAL DISORDERS

2026-06-30T11:03:05+00:00

This article examines the legal solutions introduced by the Polish Act of 22 November 2013 concerning persons with mental disorders who pose a threat to the life, health, or sexual freedom of other persons. The study focuses on the conditions required for classifying an individual as dangerous, the application of preventive supervision, and placement in the National Centre for the Prevention of Dissocial Behaviour (KOZZD). The research is based on the legal-dogmatic method and an analysis of the relevant legal provisions and scientific literature. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between public safety and the protection of individual rights and freedoms. The findings indicate that the Act constitutes a unique preventive mechanism designed to protect society from individuals presenting a high risk of committing serious offences after completing their prison sentences. At the same time, the application of post-penal isolation raises important legal and ethical concerns regarding proportionality, personal liberty, and human rights protection. The effectiveness of the Act depends on judicial oversight, reliable psychiatric assessment, and the availability of appropriate therapeutic measures.

THE USE OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES IN CIVIL PROTECTION AND CIVIL DEFENCE

2026-06-30T11:07:00+00:00

The growing number and diversity of contemporary threats necessitate the development of new solutions that enable both effective prevention and efficient response to crisis situations. In addition to legislative and organizational measures, modern technologies play a crucial role in supporting operations conducted during natural disasters, technological accidents, and other hazardous events. One example of the application of advanced technologies in the fields of civil protection and civil defence is the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The capabilities of UAVs make them particularly valuable for reconnaissance missions, environmental monitoring, and enhancing situational awareness. Equally important is their ability to transport various types of supplies to affected areas and to support evacuation operations. One of the most significant advantages of UAVs is their capacity to operate in hazardous environments without exposing operators to direct risk. However, these same capabilities may also be exploited for criminal or terrorist purposes. Therefore, it is essential to develop and implement appropriate legal regulations governing the use
of UAVs while simultaneously addressing the potential risks associated with their deployment.

GUIDELINES FOR FIRST AID OF EXTREMITY FRACTURES

2026-06-30T11:24:06+00:00

Bone fractures are a constant occurrence in tactical and civilian settings, and their rapid recognition and treatment allows to avoid potentially disabling or deadly complications. This narrative review draws on international guidelines, literature reviews, medical textbooks, and original studies to present scientific information on limb fractures, their complications as well as methods of first aid in austere conditions. Particular emphasis was placed on Tactical Combat Casualty Care guidelines as they were most relevant to the topic of this paper. The scope of information presented in this paper encompasses management of fractures after life-threatening conditions and injuries were either ruled out or already addressed in accordance with the MARCH algorithm. Main focus in first aid is placed on fracture recognition, as well as prompt administration of analgesia, early antibiotic prophylaxis, wound dressing, and fracture splinting, as recommended in the PAWS algorithm.

GUIDELINES FOR WOUND MANAGEMENT AND HEMORRHAGE CONTROL

2026-06-30T11:40:33+00:00

Anyone can find themselves in a situation requiring life-saving actions, and a rapid, appropriate response can save the injured person’s life. Providing first aid is one of the key skills everyone should possess. Therefore, it is so important that as many people as possible know its principles and can respond effectively until qualified medical personnel arrive. The aim of this study is to present systematized, specialized knowledge of procedures for proper hemorrhage management in a first aid setting. a key element of this article is algorithms for managing bleeding, which facilitate identification of the injured person’s condition, enable immediate implementation of appropriate actions, and organize the sequence of interventions. The article presents information on wound types, methods of management using both conventional and modern tactical dressings, and procedures in situations where specialized equipment is unavailable. The issue of protection against infectious materials during first aid is also addressed. The article is based on a review of literature on emergency and battlefield medicine, including current guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council (ERC, 2025) and Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC), as well as the latest reports from the war in Ukraine.

ENSURING THE SAFETY OF PEOPLE STAYING IN AND AROUND BODIES OF WATER

2026-06-30T11:53:00+00:00

The safety of people staying in and around bodies of water constitutes an important component of public safety. The aim of this article is to present the issues of ensuring safety in aquatic environments in Poland, with particular emphasis on legal, statistical,
organizational, and preventive aspects. The article uses theoretical research methods, with particular emphasis on the analysis of the relevant literature and statistical data published by public institutions. The article presents the scale of drowning incidents in
Poland, including demographic characteristics of victims, the most common locations of accidents, and their primary causes. Special attention is given to human-related risk factors, particularly alcohol consumption and risky behaviors in and near aquatic environments. Operation of the water rescue system in Poland is discussed, with emphasis on the role of the Voluntary Water Rescue Service (WOPR), inter-institutional cooperation, and local safety management. The analysis is complemented by a comparison with selected European Union countries. Research indicates that ensuring safety in and around bodies of water requires a systems approach, combining rescue operations with extensive education and social prevention. The conclusions emphasize
the need for strengthening public awareness, improving safety infrastructure, and enhancing coordination among institutions responsible for water safety.

POLICE AND MUNICIPAL POLICE TEXTS: TOWARDS GREATER PRECISION, INTELLIGIBILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS

2026-06-30T11:56:41+00:00

This article by two philologists offers observations on the legitimacy of applying the plain language model in the drafting of Police and Municipal Police documents. The authors analyse selected principles of plain language – syntactic and lexical – describing
the conditions under which they could be implemented in the official (police) note and the summons. In putting forward a proposal for incorporating plain language into the drafting of texts produced by public-order authorities, they point to the essence of the plain language concept and set out its main principles. In discussing the scale of the popularity of plain language in Poland, they identify the most important social and academic initiatives that have served to promote plain language.

SZK JAŚMIN AS A PLATFORM FOR THE INTEGRATION OF MULTIDOMAIN STATE CRISIS MANAGEMENT – A FUNCTIONAL, OPERATIONAL AND STRATEGIC ANALYSIS

2026-06-30T12:01:15+00:00

The contemporary security environment is characterised by highly dynamic hybrid, cyber, infrastructural and climate-related threats. Traditional crisis management models, based on distributed information systems and hierarchical data flow, are increasingly proving inadequate in the face of the need for immediate decision-making in a multidomain environment. The aim of this article is to present an original analysis of the SZK JAŚMIN Multidomain Automated Crisis Management System as a modern platform integrating command, coordination, situational analysis and data exchange processes between public administration, emergency services and
military structures. The article presents the system not only as a technological tool, but also as an element in building national resilience and a new model of national security based on interoperability, automation and a shared operational picture. The study presents an original concept of ‘digital crisis resilience’, in which the SZK JAŚMIN system acts as an integrator of national security environments.