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GUIDELINES FOR FIRST AID OF EXTREMITY FRACTURES
Kacper Mąkosa
Bogusław Kogut
Marzena Mędrek
Jan Gajewski
Grzegorz O. Machelski
Grzegorz Kuropatwa
Natalia Paszke
Wiktor Buczko
Mariola Mika
Piotr Wiśniewski
Abstract
Bone fractures are a constant occurrence in tactical and civilian settings, and their rapid recognition and treatment allows to avoid potentially disabling or deadly complications. This narrative review draws on international guidelines, literature reviews, medical textbooks, and original studies to present scientific information on limb fractures, their complications as well as methods of first aid in austere conditions. Particular emphasis was placed on Tactical Combat Casualty Care guidelines as they were most relevant to the topic of this paper. The scope of information presented in this paper encompasses management of fractures after life-threatening conditions and injuries were either ruled out or already addressed in accordance with the MARCH algorithm. Main focus in first aid is placed on fracture recognition, as well as prompt administration of analgesia, early antibiotic prophylaxis, wound dressing, and fracture splinting, as recommended in the PAWS algorithm.
Keywords:
fracture, open fracture, closed fracture, tactical medicineMost read articles by the same author(s)
- Jan Gajewski, Bogusław Kogut, Marzena Mędrek, Grzegorz O. Machelski, Grzegorz Kuropatwa, Kacper Mąkosa, Natalia Paszke, Wiktor Buczko, Mariola Mika, Piotr Wiśniewski, GUIDELINES FOR WOUND MANAGEMENT AND HEMORRHAGE CONTROL , Security Forum: Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
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