PERSONAL SAFETY OF CHILDREN IN THE CONTEXT OF FULL-FACE SNORKEL MASK USE: RISK ANALYSIS OF HYPERCAPNIA AND HYPOXAEMIA | Security Forum
Published : 05-03-2026

PERSONAL SAFETY OF CHILDREN IN THE CONTEXT OF FULL-FACE SNORKEL MASK USE

RISK ANALYSIS OF HYPERCAPNIA AND HYPOXAEMIA

Abstract

The article presents the risks associated with the use of full-face snorkeling masks. In
children. Based on scientific research findings, the risk of hypercapnia and hypoxemia
It is discussed, this may result from rebreathing air with a high concentration
of CO₂. Particular attention is given to the increased risk in children due to their
smaller tidal volume and a higher ratio of dead space to lung volume. The lack of
safety standards for this type of equipment and difficulties in its use during emergencies
are also highlighted.

Keywords:

snorkeling, full-face mask, hypercapnia, hypoxemia, children, safety



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Janiszewski, Bartosz. “PERSONAL SAFETY OF CHILDREN IN THE CONTEXT OF FULL-FACE SNORKEL MASK USE: RISK ANALYSIS OF HYPERCAPNIA AND HYPOXAEMIA”. Security Forum, vol. 9, no. 2, Mar. 2026, https://ojs.wsb.edu.pl/index.php/sf/article/view/1762.

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