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BETWEEN SECURITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS. THE CASES OF AVATAR AND iBorderCtrl
Diana Lubandy
Abstract
The dynamic development of artificial intelligence technologies is significantly transforming the protection of the European Union’s external borders. Increasing importance is being attributed to systems that employ data analytics, biometric technologies, algorithmic profiling, and elements of behavioural analysis to support the assessment of traveller risk. The aim of this article is to examine the opportunities and limitations associated with the use of artificial intelligence systems in border security management through the case studies of the AVATAR and iBorderCtrl projects. The paper presents the origins of both programmes, their technological foundations, and their potential operational applications in border control procedures. Particular attention is devoted to the compatibility of these solutions with fundamental rights, personal data protection requirements, and the principle of
non-discrimination. The literature review indicates that AI-based technologies may enhance the efficiency of border control processes. However, they simultaneously generate risks related to algorithmic errors, limited transparency of decision-making
procedures, and potential violations of human rights. Consequently, the implementation of such systems requires a substantial degree of human oversight, independent scientific validation, and effective mechanisms for review and appeal.
Keywords:
artificial intelligence, border security, iBorderCtrl, AVATAR, human rights, border management, behavioural analysisDetails
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